What Is Impeachment?
“Impeachment technically refers to a vote by the US House of Representatives to charge a high-ranking [federal] government officer with misconduct and begin the process of removing him or her from office… This is a process that is spelled out in the United States Constitution — it requires a majority vote of the House to impeach followed by a two-thirds majority in the Senate to convict and remove — but there aren’t a lot of details provided as to exactly how it needs to work or what constitutes an impeachable offense. Unlike in the criminal code, there are no elaborate rules of procedure or vast set of detailed statutes and case law to guide impeachment. It’s fundamentally a political process built on the fly by political actors and only rarely used over the course of American history.”Ella Nilsen, Li Zhou, and Matthew Yglesias, “9 Things Everyone Should Know About the Impeachment Process,” vox.com, October 9, 2019
“The House impeachment process generally proceeds in three phases: (1) initiation of the impeachment process; (2) Judiciary Committee investigation, hearings, and markup of articles of impeachment; and (3) full House consideration of the articles of impeachment.”Congressional Research Service, “The Impeachment Process in the House of Representatives,” fas.org, November 14, 2019
“If a president is impeached by a simple majority in the House, the articles then are delivered to the Senate. If 2/3 of the Senate votes to convict the president, the president is removed from office.”Ted Johnson, “The Second Impeachment Trial of Donald Trump: A Preview of What’s Happening and What to Expect,” deadline.com, February 8. 2021
Article II, Section 4 of the US Constitution states that the president, vice president and all civil officers of the United States are subject to impeachment, but does not define civil officers. In practice, federal judges and members of the Cabinet have been subject to impeachment, but impeachment has not applied to members of Congress.Constitution Annotated, “ArtII.S4.1.2.1 Offices Eligible for Impeachment,” constitution.congress.gov (accessed March 14, 2022)
Four presidents have faced formal impeachment hearings: Andrew Johnson, Richard Nixon, Bill Clinton, and Donald Trump (twice). Since Nixon resigned before the full House vote, only three presidents have been formally impeached (Johnson, Clinton, and Trump). All three men were acquitted by the Senate and therefore remained in office.Dave Roos, “How Many US Presidents Have Faced Impeachment?,” history.com, February 17, 2021 On January 13, 2021, Donald Trump became the first president to be impeached twice.BBC, “President Trump Becomes First President to Be Impeached Twice,” bbc.com, January 13, 2021
Our US Constitution on Impeachment
The following are all the words on impeachment in the US Constitution:
Article I:
Section 2 – “The House of Representatives shall chuse [choose] their Speaker and other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment.”
Section 3 – “The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present. Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United States: but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law.”
Article II:
Section 2 – “The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment…”
Section 4 – “The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.”
Article III:
Section 2 – “The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed.”
Notes: Presidents who have had “proposed articles of impeachment filed against them in the House of Representatives” include John Tyler, Andrew Johnson, Grover Cleveland, Herbert Hoover, Harry S. Truman, Richard M. Nixon, Ronald W. Reagan, and George H. W. Bush, William J. Clinton and Donald J. Trump.Stephen W. Stathis and David C. Huckabee, “Congressional Resolutions on Presidential Impeachment: A Historical Overview,” everycrsreport.com, September 16, 1998
The Process of Impeachment
This section focuses on the impeachment processes of Presidents Andrew Johnson, Richard Nixon, Bill Clinton, and Donald Trump (pictured from left to right – images courtesy of the Library of Congress).
Impeachment Process Trigger
[table id=15 /]Chart Notes: See the following footnotes for notes a-n. a,United States Senate, “The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1868) President of the United States,” senate.gov, accessed March 2, 2022 b,Stephen W. Stathis and David C. Huckabee, “Congressional Resolutions on Presidential Impeachment: A Historical Overview,” everycrsreport.com, September 16, 1998 c,Congressional Research Service, “The Impeachment Process in the House of Representatives,” fas.org, November 14, 2019 and Stephen W. Stathis and David C. Huckabee, “Congressional Resolutions on Presidential Impeachment: A Historical Overview,” everycrsreport.com, September 16, 1998 d,Ron Elving, “A Brief History of Nixon’s ‘Saturday Night Massacre’,” npr.org, October 21, 2018 e,Ron Elving, “A Brief History of Nixon’s ‘Saturday Night Massacre’,” npr.org, October 21, 2018 f,Lydia Saad, “Gallup Vault: More Said ‘Fire Nixon’ After Nixon Fired Cox,” gallup.com, January 26, 2018 g,History.com Editors, “This Day in History: July 27 1974: House Begins Impeachment of Nixon,” history.com, accessed February 25, 2022 h,AllPolitics, “Explosive Starr Report Outlines Case for Impeachment,” cnn.com, September 11, 1998 i,“Whitewater Timeline,” academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu, accessed March 21, 2018 j,Author redacted, “Independent Counsels Appointed Under the Ethics in Government Act of 1978, Costs and Results of Investigations,” everycrsreport.com, June 8, 2006 k,Zachary Basu, “July 26 Memo Claims White House Official Was “Visibly Shaken” by Ukraine Call,” axios.com, October 9, 2019 l,Arden Farhi, “Read the Whistleblower’s Memo About Trump’s Ukraine Call, as Described to CBS News,” cbsnews.com, October 9, 2019 m,Nicholas Wu, Christal Hayes, and Ledyard King, “‘Threat to Democracy’: Democrats Prepare Monday to Begin Impeachment of Trump Over DC Riots,” usatoday.com, January 13, 2021 n.Tom Jackman, “Police Union Says 140 Officers Injured in Capitol Riot,” washingtontimes.com, January 27, 2021
Resolution Recommending the Start of Impeachment Hearings
[table id=17 /]Chart Notes: See the following footnotes for notes a-h. a,The Avalon Project, “History of the Impeachment of Andrew Johnson: Chapter IV. First Attempt to Impeach the President,” avalon.law.yale.edu, accessed February, 28, 2022 b,Asher C. Hinds, “Hinds’ Precedents, Volume 3 – Chapter 75 – The First Attempts to Impeach the President,” govinfo.gov, accessed February 28, 2022 c,Congress.gov, “H.Res.803 – 93rd Congress (1973-1974): Resolution Providing Appropriate Power to the Committee on the Judiciary to Conduct an Investigation of Whether Sufficient Grounds Exist to Impeach Richard M. Nixon, President of the United States,” congress.gov, accessed March 1, 2022 d,Congress.gov, “H.Res.581 – 105th Congress (1997-1998): Authorizing and Directing the Committee on the Judiciary to Investigate Whether Sufficient Grounds Exist for the Impeachment of William Jefferson Clinton, President of the United States,” congress.gov, accessed March 1, 2022 e,Andrew Desiderio and Kyle Cheney, “Nadler Asks House Committees Probing Trump to Share Docs for Its Impeachment Investigation,” politico.com, August 22, 2019 f,Mary Clare Jalonick and Laurie Kellman, “Lewandowski, House Democrats Spar at 1st Impeachment Hearing,” apnews.com, September 18, 2019 g,Molly E. Reynolds and Margaret Taylor, “What’s in the House Resolution on Impeachment?,” lawfareblog.com, October 30, 2019 h.Weiyi Cai, “A Step-by-Step Guide to the Second Impeachment of Donald J. Trump,” nytimes.com, February 13, 2021
Resolution to Begin Impeachment Inquiry Approved by the House
[table id=18 /]Chart Notes: See the following footnotes for notes a-p. a,Asher C. Hinds, “Hinds’ Precedents, Volume 3 – Chapter 75 – The First Attempts to Impeach the President,” govinfo.gov, accessed February 28, 2022 b,Library of Congress, “Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers – The Charleston Daily News, 11 Jan. 1867,” chroniclingamerica.loc.gov, accessed March 1, 2022 c,United States House of Representatives, “Historical Highlights – Impeachment Efforts Against President Andrew Johnson, June 03, 1867,” house.gov, accessed March 1, 2022 d,H. H. Walker Lewis, “The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson: A Political Tragedy,” American Bar Association Journal, Volume 40, Number 1, January 1954 e,Asher C. Hinds, “Hinds’ Precedents, Volume 3 – Chapter 75 – The First Attempts to Impeach the President,” govinfo.gov, accessed February 28, 2022 f,US Capitol Visitor Center, “Resolution of Impeachment of President Andrew Johnson, February 21, 1868,” visitthecapitol.gov, accessed March 1, 2022 g,US Capitol Visitor Center, “Resolution of Impeachment of President Andrew Johnson, February 21, 1868,” visitthecapitol.gov, accessed March 1, 2022 h,Gerhard D. Peters (Editor), John T. Woolley (Editor), and Michael Nelson (Editor), “The Presidency A to Z,” CQ Press, June 15, 2012 i,United States Senate, “The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1868) President of the United States,” senate.gov, accessed March 2, 2022 j,Jason D’Andrea, “Opinion: Nixon’s Impeachment Process Began 45 Years Ago Today. A Reminder: Presidents Don’t Fall Quickly,” latimes.com, February 6, 2019 k,AllPolitics, “House Clears the Way for Impeachment Inquiry: Thirty-One Democrats Support the GOP Resolution,” cnn.com, October 8, 1998 l,David Crary, “Impeachment a Rarely Used Path for Upending a President,” apnews.com, September 24, 2019 m,Congress.gov, “H.Res.581 – 105th Congress (1997-1998): Authorizing and Directing the Committee on the Judiciary to Investigate Whether Sufficient Grounds Exist for the Impeachment of William Jefferson Clinton, President of the United States,” congress.gov, accessed March 1, 2022 n,Congress.gov, “H.Res.581 – 105th Congress (1997-1998): Authorizing and Directing the Committee on the Judiciary to Investigate Whether Sufficient Grounds Exist for the Impeachment of William Jefferson Clinton, President of the United States,” congress.gov, accessed March 1, 2022 o,Brandon Carter, “House Passes Resolution Formalizing Impeachment Inquiry,” npr.org, October 31, 2019 p.Andrew Desiderio and Kyle Cheney, “5 Things to Watch at Trump’s Second Impeachment Trial,” politico.com, January 19, 2021
Were the Impeachment Investigations Based on a Resolution to Start an Inquiry Conducted in Private or Public?
[table id=19 /]Chart Notes: See the following footnotes for notes a-j. a,Asher C. Hinds, “Hinds’ Precedents, Volume 3 – Chapter 75 – The First Attempts to Impeach the President,” govinfo.gov, accessed February 28, 2022 b,Asher C. Hinds, “Hinds’ Precedents, Volume 3 – Chapter 75 – The First Attempts to Impeach the President,” govinfo.gov, accessed February 28, 2022 c,United States Senate, “The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1868) President of the United States,” senate.gov, accessed March 2, 2022 d,Brian Naylor, “FACT CHECK: Is the Trump Impeachment Process Different From Nixon and Clinton?,” kpbs.org, November 3, 2019 e,Politics Archive, “Impeachment of President Clinton,” politicsarchive.com, accessed March 1, 2022 f,Li Zhou and Ella Nilsen, “Nancy Pelosi Announces a Formal Impeachment Inquiry Into President Trump,” vox.com, September 24, 2019 g,Kevin Breuninger “House Passes Resolution That Lays Out Formal Rules of the Trump Impeachment Inquiry,” cnbc.com, October 31, 2019 h,Brian Naylor, “FACT CHECK: Is the Trump Impeachment Process Different From Nixon and Clinton?,” kpbs.org, November 3, 2019 i,Rebecca Shabad and Dartunorro Clark, “First Public Hearings in Trump Impeachment Inquiry to Begin Next Week,” nbcnews.com, November 6, 2019 j.Bart Jansen, “‘Never Too Late’: Trump’s Second Impeachment Comes Quickly Compared to Months-Long Investigation Into Ukraine,” yahoo.com, January 14, 2021
Date Public Impeachment Hearings Started After Impeachment Resolution was Passed by the House
[table id=20 /]Chart Notes: See the following footnotes for notes a-e. a.Watergate.info, “Judiciary Committee Impeachment Hearings,” watergate.info, accessed March 1, 2022 b.Washington Post, “Clinton Accused: Impeachment Hearings Transcripts,” washingtonpost.com, accessed March 1, 2022 c.Washington Post, “Clinton Accused: Impeachment Hearings Transcripts,” washingtonpost.com, accessed March 1, 2022 d.Michael D. Shear, “Key Moments From the First Public Impeachment Hearing,” nytimes.com, November 13, 2019 e.US House of Representatives Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, “The Trump-Ukraine Impeachment Inquiry Report,” intelligence.house.gov, December 2019
Witnesses in the Impeachment Inquiry
[table id=22 /]Chart Notes: See the following footnotes for notes a-s. a,The Avalon Project, “History of the Impeachment of Andrew Johnson: Chapter IV. First Attempt to Impeach the President,” avalon.law.yale.edu, accessed February, 28, 2022 b,United States House of Representatives, “Building the Case for Impeachment, December 1866 to June 1867,” history.house.gov, accessed March 1, 2022 c,Adam Clymer, “Washington Memo; An Impeachment to Go By: Andrew Johnson’s in 1868,” nytimes.com, December 7, 1998 and Watergate.info, “Testimony of Witnesses – Hearings Before The Committee on the Judiciary House of Representatives Ninety-Third Congress, Second Session, Books I through III,” watergate.info, accessed March 1, 2022 d,Federal News Service, “The Impeachment Hearings – Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr’s Opening Statement,” washingtonpost.com, November 19, 1998 e,Federal News Service, “The Impeachment Hearings – Dec. 1 Morning Session: Two Perjurers,” washingtonpost.com, December 1, 1998 f,Federal News Service, “Dec. 8: Second Panel of White House Witnesses,” washingtonpost.com, December 8, 1998 and AllPolitics, “Judiciary Committee Republicans Grill Clinton’s Witnesses,” cnn.com, December 8, 1998 g,Federal News Service, “Dec. 9: Fourth Panel of White House Witnesses,” washingtonpost.com, December 9, 1998 h,Reuters Staff, “Witnesses in the Trump Impeachment Inquiry,” reuters.com, November 14, 2019 i,Nicholas Fandos, “Embassy Official Confirms Trump Asked About Ukraine Investigation,” nytimes.com, November 21, 2019 j,Manu Raju, Lauren Fox, Phil Mattingly, and Veronica Stracqualursi, “White House Budget Official Lays Out Unusual Process in Freeze of Ukraine Aid for Impeachment Investigators,” cnn.com, November 16, 2019 k,Brian Naylor, “Public Impeachment Inquiry Hearings to Begin Next Week,” npr.org, November 6, 2019 and Center for American Progress, “Congressional Impeachment Hearings, November 13, 2019,” americanprogress.org, November 13, 2019 l,C-SPAN, “Impeachment Inquiry, House Hearings – Former Ukraine Ambassador Marie Yovanovitch,” c-span.org, November 15, 2019 m,C-SPAN, “Impeachment Inquiry, House Hearings – Lieutenant Colonel Vindman and Jennifer Williams,” c-span.org, November 19, 2019 and C-SPAN, “Impeachment Inquiry, House Hearings – Ambassador Kurt Volker and National Security Aide Tim Morrison,” c-span.org, November 19, 2019 n,C-SPAN, “Impeachment Inquiry, House Hearings – Impeachment Inquiry Hearing with E.U. Ambassador Gordon Sondland,” c-span.org, November 20, 2019 and C-SPAN, “Impeachment Inquiry, House Hearings – Impeachment Inquiry Hearing with Laura Cooper and David Hale,” c-span.org, November 20, 2019 o,C-SPAN, “Impeachment Hearing Witness: Idea Ukraine Interfered in Elections Instead of Russia Is ‘Fictional Narrative’,” mcclatchydc.com, November 21, 2019 and C-SPAN, “Impeachment Inquiry, House Hearings – Fiona Hill and David Holmes,” c-span.org, November 21, 2019 p,Christina Wilkie, “Democrats Add a Last-Minute Witness to Trump Impeachment Hearings,” cnbc.com, November 18, 2019 r,Roll Call Staff, “Impeachment News Roundup: Dec. 4,” rollcall.com, December 4, 2019 s.Russell Berman, “Impeachment Gets Weird,” theatlantic.com, December 9, 2019
Articles of Impeachment Drafted and Voted on in Committee
[table id=25 /]Chart Notes: See the following footnotes for notes a-n. a,United States Senate, “The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1868) President of the United States,” senate.gov, accessed March 2, 2022 b,Throughline from NPR, “High Crimes And Misdemeanors,” npr.org, October 3, 2019 c,United States Senate, “The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1868) President of the United States,” senate.gov, accessed March 2, 2022 d,History.com Editors, “This Day in History: July 27 1974: House Begins Impeachment of Nixon,” history.com, accessed March 2, 2022 e,David Crary, “Impeachment a Rarely Used Path for Upending a President,” apnews.com, September 24, 2019 f,Lewis Deschler, “H.Doc.94-661 – Chapter 14, § 15. Impeachment Proceedings Against President Nixon,” in “Deschler’s Precedents of the US House of Representatives, Volume 3,” govinfo.gov, January 1, 1994 g,AllPolitics, “Text of Draft Articles of Impeachment,” cnn.com, December 9, 1998 h,AllPolitics, “Judiciary Approves Three Articles of Impeachment,” cnn.com, December 11, 1998 i,Washington Post, “Clinton Accused: Articles of Impeachment and Judiciary Committee Roll Call Votes,” washingtonpost.com, December 19, 1998 j,Yelena Dzhanova and Christina Wilkie, “Judiciary Committee Votes to Advance Articles of Impeachment Against Trump to the Full House,” cnbc.com, December 13, 2019 k,Jerrold Nadler, et al, “Impeachment of Donald John Trump, President of the United States: Report of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives to Accompany H. Res. 755,” rules.house.gov, December 13, 2019 l,Jeremy Herb, “House Judiciary Committee Releases Report Explaining Impeachment Charges,” cnn.com, December 16, 2019 m,Jerrold Nadler, et al, “Impeachment of Donald John Trump, President of the United States: Report of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives to Accompany H. Res. 755,” rules.house.gov, December 13, 2019 n.C-SPAN, “House Rules Committee Debate on Impeachment Resolution Against President Trump,” c-span.org, January 12, 2021
House Vote on Articles of Impeachment
[table id=26 /]Chart Notes: See the following footnotes for notes a-n. a,United States Senate, “The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1868) President of the United States,” senate.gov, accessed March 2, 2022 b,United States House of Representatives, “Journal of the House of Representatives, 1867-1868: Monday, March 2, 1868,” memory.loc.gov, accessed March 2, 2022 c,United States House of Representatives, “Journal of the House of Representatives, 1867-1868: Tuesday, March 3, 1868,” memory.loc.gov, accessed March 2, 2022 d,David Crary, “Impeachment a Rarely Used Path for Upending a President,” apnews.com, September 24, 2019 e,Washington Post, “Clinton Accused: Articles of Impeachment and Judiciary Committee Roll Call Votes,” washingtonpost.com, December 19, 1998 f,AllPolitics, “House Impeaches Clinton,” cnn.com, December 19, 2019 g,Washington Post, “Clinton Accused: Articles of Impeachment and Judiciary Committee Roll Call Votes,” washingtonpost.com, December 19, 1998 h,AllPolitics, “House Impeaches Clinton,” cnn.com, December 19, 2019 i,Washington Post, “Clinton Accused: Articles of Impeachment and Judiciary Committee Roll Call Votes,” washingtonpost.com, December 19, 1998 j,Washington Post, “Clinton Accused: Articles of Impeachment and Judiciary Committee Roll Call Votes,” washingtonpost.com, December 19, 1998 k,United States House of Representatives, “Final Vote Results for Roll Call 695: H RES 755, On On Agreeing to Article I of the Resolution – Impeaching Donald John Trump, President of the United States, for High Crimes and Misdemeanors,” clerk.house.gov, December 18, 2019 l,United States House of Representatives, “Final Vote Results for Roll Call 696: H RES 755, On On Agreeing to Article II of the Resolution – Impeaching Donald John Trump, President of the United States, for High Crimes and Misdemeanors,” clerk.house.gov, December 18, 2019 m,Weiyi Cai, “A Step-by-Step Guide to the Second Impeachment of Donald J. Trump,” nytimes.com, February 13, 2021 n.United States House of Representatives, “Roll Call 17 – Bill Number: H. Res. 24, On Agreeing to the Resolution – Impeaching Donald John Trump, President of the United States, for High Crimes and Misdemeanors,” clerk.house.gov, January 13, 2021
House Impeachment Managers
[table id=29 /]Chart Notes: See the following footnotes for notes a-r. a,United States House of Representatives, “Meet the People,” history.house.gov, accessed March 1, 2022 b,Robert C. Kennedy, “The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson > Who Was Who > Thomas Williams,” andrewjohnson.com, accessed March 2, 2022 c,United States Senate, “The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1868) President of the United States,” senate.gov, accessed March 2, 2022 d,Congress.gov, “H.Res.614 – 105th Congress (1997-1998): Appointing and Authorizing Managers for the Impeachment Trial of William Jefferson Clinton, President of the United States,” congress.gov, accessed March 2, 2022 e,United States House of Representatives, “Final Vote Results for Roll Call 547: H RES 614, On On Agreeing to the Resolution – Appointment of Managers,” clerk.house.gov, December 19, 1998 f,Nicholas Wu, “Who Are the 7 Impeachment Managers Selected for the Senate Trial of President Donald Trump?,” usatoday.com, January 15, 2020 g,United States Senate, “Proceedings of the United States Senate in the Impeachment Trial of President William Jefferson Clinton Volume II: Floor Trial Proceedings,” govinfo.gov, February 12, 1999 h,United States House of Representatives, “Final Vote Results for Roll Call 6: H RES 10, On On Agreeing to the Resolution – Appointment of Managers to Conduct an Impeachment Trial,” clerk.house.gov, January 6, 1999 i,Nancy Pelosi, “Transcript of Speaker Pelosi, Committee Chairs Press Availability Following Passage of Articles of Impeachment,” speaker.gov, December 18, 2019 j,Robert Costa, Philip Rucker, and Rachael Bade, “Pelosi’s Delay Sparks Standoff With Senate GOP Over Trump Impeachment Trial,” washingtonpost.com, December 19, 2019 k,Rational 360 “2020 Combined Congressional Calendar,” rational360.com, accessed March 3, 2022 l,United States House of Representatives, “Legislative Activity – Floor Summary: January 15, 2020,” clerk.house.gov, January 15, 2020 and Meg Wagner, Mike Hayes, and Fernando Alfonso III, “The Latest on President Trump’s Impeachment,” cnn.com, January 16, 2020 m,United States House of Representatives, “Final Vote Results for Roll Call 18: H RES 978, On On Agreeing to the Resolution – Appointing and Authorizing Managers for the Impeachment Trial of Donald John Trump, President of the United States,” clerk.house.gov, January 15, 2020 n,Meg Wagner, Mike Hayes, and Fernando Alfonso III, “The Latest on President Trump’s Impeachment,” cnn.com, January 16, 2020 o,United States House of Representatives, “US House of Representatives Files Replication to President’s Answer to the Articles of Impeachment,” intelligence.house.gov, January 20, 2020 p,Peter W. Stevenson, “Who Are the Impeachment Managers Prosecuting Trump’s Second Senate Trial?,” washingtonpost.com, February 11, 2021 r.Congress.gov, “H.Res.40 – 117th Congress (2021-2022): Appointing and Authorizing Managers for the Impeachment Trial of Donald John Trump, President of the United States,” congress.gov, accessed March 2, 2022
Defense Team
[table id=33 /]Chart Notes: See the following footnotes for notes a-g. a,United States Senate, “The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1868) President of the United States,” senate.gov, accessed March 2, 2022 b,United States Senate, “The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1868) President of the United States,” senate.gov, accessed March 2, 2022 c,HarpWeek, “The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson > Who Was Who,” andrewjohnson.com, accessed March 2, 2022 d,Erin Fuchs, “Where Are They Now: The Stars Of The Clinton Impeachment Scandal,” businessinsider.com, May 2, 2014 and AllPolitics, “Clinton Lawyers Attack Impeachment Charges,” cnn.com, January 20, 1999 and Washington Post, “Clinton Accused: Defense Who’s Who,” washingtonpost.com, January 19, 1999 and BBC News, “Clinton Under Fire: President Clinton’s Best Defence,” bbc.co.uk, February 10, 1999 e,Franco Ordoñez and Tamara Keith, “Starr, Dershowitz, Ray: Trump Leans On High-Wattage Lawyers For Impeachment,” npr.org, January 14, 2020 f,Monica Alba, Hallie Jackson, and Tim Stelloh, “Trump Lawyers Exit After He Pushed Them to Cite Baseless Voter Fraud Claims,” nbcnews.com, January 31, 2021 g.Associated Press, “Trump Names 2 Lawyers to Impeachment Trial Defense Team,” pbs.org, February 1, 2021
House Informs Senate and Presents Its Articles of Impeachment
[table id=36 /]Chart Notes: See the following footnotes for notes a-j. a,United States Senate, “The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1868) President of the United States,” senate.gov, accessed March 2, 2022 b,United States Senate, “The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1868) President of the United States,” senate.gov, accessed March 2, 2022 c,United States Senate, “The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1868) President of the United States,” senate.gov, accessed March 2, 2022 d,United States Congress, “The Constitution Of The United States Of America: Analysis & Interpretation,” Government Printing Office, February 27, 2014 e,AllPolitics, “House Impeaches Clinton,” cnn.com, December 19, 1998 f,United States Senate, “Proceedings of the United States Senate in the Impeachment Trial of President William Jefferson Clinton Volume II: Floor Trial Proceedings,” govinfo.gov, February 12, 1999 g,Jane C. Timm and Rebecca Shabad, “House Sends Impeachment Articles to Senate, Pelosi Names Trial Managers,” nbcnews.com, January 15, 2020 h,Nancy Pelosi, “Pelosi Remarks at Engrossment Ceremony Photo Opportunity for Articles of Impeachment and Procession of Impeachment Managers,” speaker.gov, January 15, 2020 and Louis Jacobson, “The Senate Impeachment Trial Is Here. So What’s Next?,” politifact.com, January 15, 2020 i,United States Senate Press Gallery, “Senate Floor Archives: Wednesday, January 15, 2020,” dailypress.senate.gov, January 15, 2020 j.Patricia Zengerle and Susan Cornwell, “House Democrats Deliver Trump Impeachment Charge to Senate,” reuters.com, January 25, 2021
Trial Begins as Oaths are Taken by Justice and Senators
(Date of beginning of trial in italics).
[table id=37 /]Chart Notes: See the following footnotes for notes a-l. a,United States Senate, “The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1868) President of the United States,” senate.gov, accessed March 2, 2022 b,Brenda Wineapple, “How to Conduct a Trial in the Senate,” theatlantic.com, December 15, 2019 c,United States Senate, “The Impeachment and Trial of Andrew Johnson, President of the United States: The Complete Record of the Impeachment in the House of Representatives, the Preliminary Proceedings in the Senate, the Articles of Impeachment, and the Full Proceedings in the Court of Impeachment of the Senate of the United States,” Dover Publications Inc., 1974 d,United States Senate, “The Impeachment and Trial of Andrew Johnson, President of the United States: The Complete Record of the Impeachment in the House of Representatives, the Preliminary Proceedings in the Senate, the Articles of Impeachment, and the Full Proceedings in the Court of Impeachment of the Senate of the United States,” Dover Publications Inc., 1974 e,United States Senate, “Trial of Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, Before the Senate of the United States on Impeachment by the House of Representatives for High Crimes and Misdemeanors, Volume I,” Government Printing Office, 1868 f,abc13, “Bill Clinton Impeachment: Looking Back at 1998 After Donald Trump’s 2nd Acquittal,” abc13.com, February 14, 2021 g,Carin Dessauer, “History in the Making: Clinton on Trial,” cnn.com, January 7, 1999 and AllPolitics, “Senate Grapples With Impeachment Trial Rules,” cnn.com, January 7, 1999 h,United States Senate, “Proceedings of the United States Senate in the Impeachment Trial of President William Jefferson Clinton, Volume I: Preliminary Proceedings,” govinfo.gov, February 12, 1999 i,Graham MacGillivray, “Watch: Chief Justice Roberts Swears in Senators, Starts Impeachment Trial,” rollcall.com, January 16, 2020 and Grace Segers “What’s Ahead in the Impeachment Trial of President Trump,” cbsnews.com, January 17, 2020 j,News On 6, “Inhofe Absent From Impeachment Trial Swearing-in to Be With Family Member,” news9.com, January 16, 2020 k,United States Senate Press Gallery, “Senate Floor Archives: Thursday, January 16, 2020,” dailypress.senate.gov, January 16, 2020 and Congressional Record, “Proceedings and Debates of the 116th Congress, Second Session, Vol. 166, No. 10,” congress.gov, January 16, 2020 l.Weiyi Cai, “A Step-by-Step Guide to the Second Impeachment of Donald Trump,” nytimes.com, February 13, 2021
Senate Writ of Summons, Responses & Trial Briefs
[table id=39 /]Chart Notes: See the following footnotes for notes a-e1. a,United States Senate, “The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1868) President of the United States,” senate.gov, accessed March 2, 2022 b,United States Senate, “The Impeachment and Trial of Andrew Johnson, President of the United States: The Complete Record of the Impeachment in the House of Representatives, the Preliminary Proceedings in the Senate, the Articles of Impeachment, and the Full Proceedings in the Court of Impeachment of the Senate of the United States,” Dover Publications Inc., 1974 c,United States Senate, “The Impeachment and Trial of Andrew Johnson, President of the United States: The Complete Record of the Impeachment in the House of Representatives, the Preliminary Proceedings in the Senate, the Articles of Impeachment, and the Full Proceedings in the Court of Impeachment of the Senate of the United States,” Dover Publications Inc., 1974 d,United States Senate, “The Impeachment and Trial of Andrew Johnson, President of the United States: The Complete Record of the Impeachment in the House of Representatives, the Preliminary Proceedings in the Senate, the Articles of Impeachment, and the Full Proceedings in the Court of Impeachment of the Senate of the United States,” Dover Publications Inc., 1974 e,United States Senate, “Proceedings of the United States Senate in the Impeachment Trial of President William Jefferson Clinton Volume II: Floor Trial Proceedings,” govinfo.gov, February 12, 1999 f,United States Senate, “106th Congress 1st Session, S. RES. 16 To Provide for Issuance of a Summons and for Related Procedures Concerning the Articles of Impeachment Against William Jefferson Clinton, President of the United States,” govinfo.gov, January 8, 1999 g,United States Senate, “Proceedings of the United States Senate in the Impeachment Trial of President William Jefferson Clinton Volume II: Floor Trial Proceedings,” govinfo.gov, February 12, 1999 h,Congressional Record, “Proceedings and Debates of the 106th Congress, First Session, Vol. 145, No. 5,” congress.gov, January 14, 1999 i,AllPolitics, “Clinton Answers Senate Summons,” cnn.com, January 11, 1999 j,United States Senate, “Proceedings of the United States Senate in the Impeachment Trial of President William Jefferson Clinton Volume I: Preliminary Proceedings,” govinfo.gov, February 12, 1999 k,United States Senate, “Proceedings of the United States Senate in the Impeachment Trial of President William Jefferson Clinton Volume I: Preliminary Proceedings,” govinfo.gov, February 12, 1999 l,Congressional Record, “Proceedings and Debates of the 106th Congress, First Session, Vol. 145, No. 5,” congress.gov, January 14, 1999 m,United States Senate, “Proceedings of the United States Senate in the Impeachment Trial of President William Jefferson Clinton Volume II: Floor Trial Proceedings,” govinfo.gov, February 12, 1999 n,United States Senate, “Proceedings of the United States Senate in the Impeachment Trial of President William Jefferson Clinton Volume I: Preliminary Proceedings,” govinfo.gov, February 12, 1999 o,United States Senate, “Proceedings of the United States Senate in the Impeachment Trial of President William Jefferson Clinton Volume II: Floor Trial Proceedings,” govinfo.gov, February 12, 1999 p,United States Senate, “Proceedings of the United States Senate in the Impeachment Trial of President William Jefferson Clinton Volume I: Preliminary Proceedings,” govinfo.gov, February 12, 1999 r,C-SPAN, “Senate Impeachment Trial, Day 2, Debate on Trial Rules,” c-span.org, January 21, 2020 s,Michael D. Shear and Nicholas Fandos, “Senate Opens Trump Impeachment Trial as New Ukraine Revelations Emerge,” nytimes, January 16, 2020 t,US House of Representatives Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, “US House of Representatives Files Brief in Impeachment Trial of President Donald J. Trump,” intelligence.house.gov, January 18, 2020 u,United States House of Representatives, “Trial Memorandum of the United States House of Representatives in the Impeachment Trial of President Donald J. Trump,” intelligence.house.gov, accessed March 3, 2022 v,NPR Staff, “Read the White House Response to the Senate Impeachment Trial Summons,” npr.org, January 18, 2020 w,C-SPAN, “Senate Impeachment Trial, Day 2, Debate on Trial Rules,” c-span.org, January 21, 2020 x,C-SPAN, “Senate Impeachment Trial, Day 2, Debate on Trial Rules,” c-span.org, January 21, 2020 y,Counsel to President Donald J. Trump, “Trial Memorandum of Donald J. Trump,” justsecurity.org, January 20, 2020 z,US House of Representatives Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, “US House of Representatives Files Replication to President’s Answer to the Articles of Impeachment,” intelligence.house.gov, January 20, 2020 a1,C-SPAN, “Senate Impeachment Trial, Day 2, Debate on Trial Rules,” c-span.org, January 21, 2020 b1,Weiyi Cai, “A Step-by-Step Guide to the Second Impeachment of Donald Trump,” nytimes.com, February 13, 2021 c1,Weiyi Cai, “A Step-by-Step Guide to the Second Impeachment of Donald Trump,” nytimes.com, February 13, 2021 d1,Karen Heller, “Bruce Castor Is a Magnet for Controversy. Naturally, He’s Trump’s Impeachment Attorney,” washingtonpost.com, February 8, 2021 e1.United States House of Representatives, “Replication of the United States House of Representatives to the Answer of President Donald J. Trump to the Article of Impeachment,” medium.com, February 8, 2021
Senate Trial Procedures
[table id=40 /]Chart Notes: See the following footnotes for notes a-n. a,United States Senate, “The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1868) President of the United States,” senate.gov, accessed March 2, 2022 b,Library of Congress, “Research Guide on Impeachment: Historic Background on the Impeachment and Trial of President Andrew Johnson,” memory.loc.gov, accessed March 3, 2022 c,National Constitution Center Staff, “On This Day, the Senate Summons President Johnson to His Impeachment Trial,” constitutioncenter.org, March 13, 2019 d,Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, “Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents: Monday, January 7, 1974 – Volume 10, Number 1 – through Monday, March 25, 1974 – Volume 10, Number 12,” books.google.com, accessed March 3, 2022 e,Sarah D. Wire, “A Look Back at How Clinton’s Impeachment Trial Unfolded,” latimes.com, January 16. 2020 f,Congress.gov, “S.Res.16 – 106th Congress (1999-2000): A Resolution to Provide for the Issuance of a Summons and for Related Procedures Concerning the Articles of Impeachment Against William Jefferson Clinton, President of the United States,” congress.gov, accessed March 3, 2022 g,C-SPAN, “Senate Impeachment Trial, Day 2, Debate on Trial Rules,” c-span.org, January 21, 2020 h,United States Senate Press Gallery, “Senate Floor Archives: Tuesday, January 21, 2020,” dailypress.senate.gov, January 21, 2020 i,Dareh Gregorian and Richie Duchon, “Trump’s Senate Impeachment Trial: What Happened on Day 1,” nbcnews.com, January 21, 2020 and United States Senate Press Gallery, “Senate Floor Archives: Tuesday, January 21, 2020,” dailypress.senate.gov, January 21, 2020 j,United States Senate Press Gallery, “Senate Floor Archives: Tuesday, January 21, 2020,” dailypress.senate.gov, January 21, 2020 k,Congress.gov, “S.Res.483 – 116th Congress (2019-2020): A Resolution to Provide for Related Procedures Concerning the Articles of Impeachment Against Donald John Trump, President of the United States,” congress.gov, accessed March 3, 2022 l,Congress.gov, “S.Res.483 – 116th Congress (2019-2020): A Resolution to Provide for Related Procedures Concerning the Articles of Impeachment Against Donald John Trump, President of the United States,” congress.gov, accessed March 3, 2022 m,United States Senate, “ALB21257 – 117th Congress, 1st Session, S.RES.__ To Provide for Related Procedures Concerning the Article of Impeachment Against Donald John Trump, Former President of the United States,” democrats.senate.gov, accessed March 3, 2022 n.Jordain Carney, “Schumer, McConnell Reach Deal on Trump Impeachment Trial,” thehill.com, February 8, 2021
Arguments by Both Parties, Senate Questioning, and Closing Arguments
[table id=41 /]Chart Notes: See the following footnotes for notes a-r. a,Library of Congress, “Research Guide on Impeachment: Historic Background on the Impeachment and Trial of President Andrew Johnson,” memory.loc.gov, accessed March 3, 2022 b,United States Senate, “The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1868) President of the United States,” senate.gov, accessed March 2, 2022 c,United States Senate, “The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1868) President of the United States,” senate.gov, accessed March 2, 2022 d,Library of Congress, “Research Guide on Impeachment: Historic Background on the Impeachment and Trial of President Andrew Johnson,” memory.loc.gov, accessed March 3, 2022 e,United States Senate, “Proceedings of the United States Senate in the Impeachment Trial of President William Jefferson Clinton Volume II: Floor Trial Proceedings,” govinfo.gov, February 12, 1999 f,United States Senate, “Proceedings of the United States Senate in the Impeachment Trial of President William Jefferson Clinton Volume II: Floor Trial Proceedings,” govinfo.gov, February 12, 1999 g,United States Senate, “Proceedings of the United States Senate in the Impeachment Trial of President William Jefferson Clinton Volume II: Floor Trial Proceedings,” govinfo.gov, February 12, 1999 h,United States Senate, “Roll Call Vote 106th Congress – 1st Session, Vote 4 On the Motion (Byrd Motion to Dismiss the Impeachment Proceedings),” senate.gov, January 27, 1999 i,United States Senate, “Proceedings of the United States Senate in the Impeachment Trial of President William Jefferson Clinton Volume II: Floor Trial Proceedings,” govinfo.gov, February 12, 1999 j,United States Senate, “Proceedings of the United States Senate in the Impeachment Trial of President William Jefferson Clinton Volume II: Floor Trial Proceedings,” govinfo.gov, February 12, 1999 k,Katherine Tully-McManus, “Trump’s Legal Team Quickly Wraps Defense of President at Impeachment Trial,” rollcall.com, January 28, 2020 l,Ted Barrett and Ali Zaslav, “Impeachment Trial Enters the Question-And-Answer Session: A Guide,” cnn.com, January 29, 2020 m,Congressional Record, “Proceedings and Debates of the 116th Congress, Second Session, Vol. 166, No. 22,” congress.gov, February 3, 2020 n,Eileen Sullivan, “5 Takeaways From Day One of Trump’s Second Impeachment Trial,” nytimes.com, February 9, 2021 o,Barbara Sprunt, “Trump Was the ‘Inciter-In-Chief,’ House Manager Says in Opening Argument,” npr.org, February 10, 2021 p,Bart Jansen, Maureen Groppe, Savannah Behrmann, and Ledyard King, “Live Impeachment Updates: Prosecutors End Arguments; Trump Lawyer Calls Trial ‘Weaponization’ of Impeachment,” usatoday.com, February 22, 2021 r.Weiyi Cai, “A Step-by-Step Guide to the Second Impeachment of Donald Trump,” nytimes.com, February 13, 2021
Witnesses & Depositions
[table id=42 /]Chart Notes: See the following footnotes for notes a-s. a,United States Senate, “The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1868) President of the United States,” senate.gov, accessed March 2, 2022 b,United States Senate, “Trial of Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, Before the Senate of the United States on Impeachment by the House of Representatives for High Crimes and Misdemeanors, Volume I,” Government Printing Office, 1868 c,Spellings of names may vary from publication. d,United States Senate, “The Impeachment and Trial of Andrew Johnson, President of the United States: The Complete Record of the Impeachment in the House of Representatives, the Preliminary Proceedings in the Senate, the Articles of Impeachment, and the Full Proceedings in the Court of Impeachment of the Senate of the United States,” Dover Publications Inc., 1974, United States Senate, “Trial of Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, Before the Senate of the United States on Impeachment by the House of Representatives for High Crimes and Misdemeanors, Volume I,” Government Printing Office, 1868, and T.B. Peterson & Brothers, “The Great Impeachment and Trial of Andrew Johnson: President of the United States,” T.B. Peterson & Brothers, 1868 accessed via books.google.com, March 3, 2022 e,United States Senate, “Roll Call Vote 106th Congress – 1st Session, Vote 5 On the Motion (House Mgrs. Motion to Subpoena Witnesses, Admit Evidence Not in Recor),” senate.gov, January 27, 1999 f,United States Senate, “106th Congress 1st Session, S. RES. 30 Relative to the Procedures Concerning the Articles of Impeachment Against William Jefferson Clinton,” govinfo.gov, January 28, 1999 ⁷ Congress.gov, “S.Res.30 – 106th Congress (1999-2000): A Resolution Relative to the Procedures Concerning the Articles of Impeachment Against William Jefferson Clinton,” congress.gov, accessed March 3, 2022 g,Congress.gov, “S.Res.30 – 106th Congress (1999-2000): A Resolution Relative to the Procedures Concerning the Articles of Impeachment Against William Jefferson Clinton,” congress.gov, accessed March 3, 2022 h,United States Senate, “Proceedings of the United States Senate in the Impeachment Trial of President William Jefferson Clinton Volume II: Floor Trial Proceedings,” govinfo.gov, February 12, 1999 i,AllPolitics, “Roll Call on Senate Motions for Handling Witness Depositions, ” cnn.com, February 4, 1999 j,United States Senate, “Proceedings of the United States Senate in the Impeachment Trial of President William Jefferson Clinton Volume II: Floor Trial Proceedings,” govinfo.gov, February 12, 1999 k,Washington Post, “Clinton Accused: Votes on Videos, Live Lewinsky Testimony,” washingtonpost.com, February 4, 1999 l,United States Senate, “Roll Call Vote 106th Congress – 1st Session, Vote 10 On the Motion (Division III House Mgrs Motion Re: Appearance of Witnesses),” senate.gov, February 4, 1999 m,Washington Post, “Clinton Accused: Votes on Videos, Live Lewinsky Testimony,” washingtonpost.com, February 4, 1999 n,United States Senate, “Proceedings of the United States Senate in the Impeachment Trial of President William Jefferson Clinton Volume II: Floor Trial Proceedings,” govinfo.gov, February 12, 1999 o,CSPAN.org live feed of Senate proceedings 1-31-2020 p,Senate Democrats, “The Floor – Wrap Up for Friday, January 31, 2020,” democrats.senate.gov, January 31, 2020 r,Weiyi Cai, “A Step-by-Step Guide to the Second Impeachment of Donald Trump,” nytimes.com, February 13, 2021 s.Allan Smith, “Democrats Defend Lack of Witnesses: ‘We Needed More Senators With Spines’,” nbcnews.com, February 14, 2021
Senate Deliberations
[table id=43 /]Chart Notes: See the following footnotes for notes a-f. a,United States Senate, “The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1868) President of the United States,” senate.gov, accessed March 2, 2022 b,United States Congress, “Official Congressional Record Impeachment Set: Congressional Record During the Period January 6, 1999 to February 12, 1999, Proceedings and Debates of the 106th Congress, 1st Session,” Government Publishing Office, June 22, 1999 via books.google.com, accessed March 3, 2022 c,United States Senate, “Proceedings of the United States Senate in the Impeachment Trial of President William Jefferson Clinton Volume II: Floor Trial Proceedings,” govinfo.gov, February 12, 1999 d,United States Senate, “Proceedings of the United States Senate in the Impeachment Trial of President William Jefferson Clinton Volume II: Floor Trial Proceedings,” govinfo.gov, February 12, 1999 e,United States Senate Press Gallery, “Senate Floor Archives: Tuesday, February 4, 2020,” dailypress.senate.gov, February 4, 2020 and United States Senate Press Gallery, “Senate Floor Archives: Wednesday, February 5, 2020,” dailypress.senate.gov, February 5, 2020 f.CBS News, “Senate Votes to Acquit Trump in Historic Second Impeachment Trial,” cbsnews.com, February 14, 2021
Senate Vote
[table id=44 /]Chart Notes: See the following footnotes for notes a-j. a,Library of Congress, “Research Guide on Impeachment: Historic Background on the Impeachment and Trial of President Andrew Johnson,” memory.loc.gov, accessed March 3, 2022 b,Statista, “Votes for Criminal Convictions in the U.S. Senate, Following the Impeachment of Presidents Johnson, Clinton and Trump, Between 1868 and 2021 ,” statista.com, March 2021 and United States Senate, “Impeachment Trial of President Andrew Johnson, 1868,” senate.gov, accessed March 3, 2022 c,United States Senate, “Proceedings of the United States Senate in the Impeachment Trial of President William Jefferson Clinton Volume II: Floor Trial Proceedings,” govinfo.gov, February 12, 1999 d,David Crary, “Impeachment a Rarely Used Path for Upending a President,” apnews.com, September 24, 2019 e,United States Senate, “Proceedings of the United States Senate in the Impeachment Trial of President William Jefferson Clinton Volume II: Floor Trial Proceedings,” govinfo.gov, February 12, 1999 f,United States Senate, “Proceedings of the United States Senate in the Impeachment Trial of President William Jefferson Clinton Volume II: Floor Trial Proceedings,” govinfo.gov, February 12, 1999 g,United States Senate, “Roll Call Vote 116th Congress – 2nd Session, Vote 33 Guilty or Not Guilty (Article I, Articles of Impeachment Against President Donald John Trump),” senate.gov, February 5, 2020 and United States Senate, “Roll Call Vote 116th Congress – 2nd Session, Vote 34 Guilty or Not Guilty (Article II, Articles of Impeachment Against President Donald John Trump),” senate.gov, February 5, 2020 h,United States Senate, “Roll Call Vote 116th Congress – 2nd Session, Vote 33 Guilty or Not Guilty (Article I, Articles of Impeachment Against President Donald John Trump),” senate.gov, February 5, 2020 i,United States Senate, “Roll Call Vote 116th Congress – 2nd Session, Vote 34 Guilty or Not Guilty (Article II, Articles of Impeachment Against President Donald John Trump),” senate.gov, February 5, 2020 j.CBS News, “Senate Acquits Trump on Charge of Incitement of Insurrection,” cbsnews.com, February 13, 2021
Days Senate Impeachment Hearings Lasted
From the start of the Senate trial to the end.Calculated using the “Days Calculator: Days Between Two Dates,” by Time and Date AS available from: timeanddate.com/date/duration.html
[table id=45 /]
Days from Formal Impeachment Vote by the House to Senate Vote
[Both Johnson and Clinton were acquitted, and finished their terms.Charlie Savage, “How the Impeachment Process Works,” nytimes.com, September 24, 2019 Trump was acquitted in both trials; he finished his term after the first trial, and his term had ended before the second trial.]
[table id=46 /]
Conclusion
The information above shows every step in the impeachment process, from charges being triggered in the House to the final Senate vote.
While four presidents have had formal impeachment proceedings initiated against them, only three were formally impeached because Richard Nixon resigned before the full House vote on the charges. Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, and Donald Trump were all impeached by the House but acquitted by the Senate and thus remained in office. Donald Trump is the only US president to be impeached twice.